Understanding Early Blight
Affected Crops:
Early blight primarily affects solanaceous vegetables, particularly tomatoes and potatoes. It mainly damages the stems, leaves, and fruits, with leaf surfaces and stem branches being the most susceptible.
Disease Characteristics:
Early blight is a fungal disease characterized by concentric ring patterns in the lesions. During humid conditions, the affected areas develop black mold, which is a key identifying feature of the disease. The optimal temperature for fungal growth is 26–28°C, and the disease tends to be more severe in warm and humid environments.
Understanding Late Blight
Late blight is one of the most devastating diseases affecting tomatoes. It spreads rapidly and can cause significant losses for farmers if not managed properly.
Disease Symptoms:
- Leaf Infection: The disease usually starts from the lower leaves, forming irregular dark green water-soaked lesions that later turn brown. Under high humidity, white mold develops on the underside of the affected leaves.
- Seedling Infection: The infection spreads from leaves to the main stem, causing the stem to thin and turn dark brown, leading to wilting or collapse of the entire plant. Under high humidity, white mold appears on the infected areas.
Favorable Conditions for Late Blight:
Late blight thrives in cool, humid conditions. When the relative humidity exceeds 80%, the pathogen can successfully infect plants. The optimal temperature for fungal development is 20-22°C during the day and above 10°C at night. The disease is more likely to occur under the following conditions:
- Low temperatures and excessive humidity
- Continuous rainy or foggy weather
- High planting density and poor ventilation
- Excessive nitrogen fertilization and insufficient sunlight
Recommended Fungicide Treatments
To effectively prevent and control early and late blight, the following fungicide combinations are recommended:
- Pyrazoxystrobin 5% + Mancozeb 55% DF
- Dimethomorph 12.3% + Pyrazoxystrobin 6.7% WDG
- Oxazolidinone 22.5% + Cymoxanil 30% WDG/DF
Conclusion
Both early and late blight are serious fungal diseases that require proactive management. Monitoring environmental conditions and implementing preventive fungicide applications can help reduce the risk of infection. Farmers should focus on improving ventilation, reducing humidity, and maintaining proper plant spacing to minimize disease occurrence.
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